BEING AND PLACE outline of the book
1 Introduction
2 Philosophical Foundations
3 Being and Place
4 Creative Evolution
5 The Ecological Frame
6 Environmental Ethics
7 Common Wealth - Designing the Political Economy
8 Politics, Transitions, Strategies
9 Technological Order
10 Neo-Technics
11 The Republic
12 The Well-Being Economy
13 Sustainable Living
14 The Ecopolis
15 Health and Happiness
16 Spirituality - Housing the Sacred
17 Universal Planetary Ethic
18 Futures
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
Visions, Values and Virtues; Perceptions, Paradigms and Praxis; The Integral Approach; Narratives and Storytelling; Ecological Restoration as Restorying; The Perennial Philosophy: The Rational Universe; Critical Realism; Environmental Knowing; Ethics; Rational Freedom; Natural Order and Political Order; Natural Law; Creative Essentialism; The Capabilities Approach
3 BEING AND PLACE
4 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
THE NEW PHYSICS – THE CREATIVE UNIVERSE
BIOLOGY
EVOLUTION
NATURE AND CULTURE
5 THE ECOLOGICAL FRAME
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
GAEA
BIOSPHERE AND ECOSYSTEM
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING
BIODIVERSITY
THE NEW SCIENCE OF RELATIONSHIPS
6 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
CONSERVATION
THE COMMONS
BIOREGIONALISM
7 COMMON WEALTH - DESIGNING THE POLITICAL ECONOMY
THE LOCAL AND THE GLOBAL
TRADE
CONSUMPTION
LIMITS TO GROWTH
8 POLITICS, PRINCIPLES, TRANSITIONS, STRATEGIES
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
TRANSITIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS
GOVERNMENT, POLITICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
CITIZENSHIP AND DEMOCRACY
9 TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER
TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER
CITIZEN SCIENCE
10 NEO-TECHNICS
ENERGY
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY
THE ECOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION
THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
11 THE REPUBLIC
THE GREEN POLITY
ECOLOGY ANARCHISM AND SOCIALISM
12 THE WELL-BEING ECONOMY
THE ECOLOGICAL ECONOMY
13 SUSTAINABLE LIVING
SUFFICIENCY
SUSTAINABLE LIVING
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
POPULATION
14 THE ECOPOLIS
THE ECO CITY
ECO TOWNS AND ECO COMMUNITIES
ECO ARCHITECTURE
15 HEALTH AND HAPPINESS
HEALTH AND HAPPINESS
16 SPIRITUALITY - HOUSING THE SACRED
SPIRITUALITY AS CREATION CARE
ECO FEMINISM AND GENDER
17 UNIVERSAL PLANETARY ETHIC
GLOBAL POLITICS
WAR AND PEACE
EQUALITY AND JUSTICE
UNIVERSAL PLANETARY ETHIC
18 FUTURES
1 INTRODUCTION
*[environmental sociology – understanding systems, structures and relations]
*[linking thinking – connections across disciplines and social roles]
*[green knowledge – bridging the gaps between knowledge, action and policy] *[Eco-praxis – integrating principles and practices – activism changing perceptions – self-knowledge] [challenging psychological and institutional inertia]
*[new ecological paradigm – critical social realism (biospheric politics)]
*[Being and Place – environmental responsibility and interrelationship and stability – thinking and acting appropriately in place (we are makers of place)]
2 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
[PHILOSOPHY – VALUES AND VIRTUES]
[Metaphysical reconstruction and worldviews] *[metaphysics – the One]
[the need for a synthesizing world-view - the vital function of reason] [worldviews – programmes for life]
[PERCEPTIONS, PARADIGMS AND PRAXIS]
THE INTEGRAL APPROACH
*[the integral approach – integrating modes of knowing]
[the need for a substantive descriptive and normative agreement about the environment – multiple socially situated views]
*[reflexivity beyond ontology – engagement with reality – experiential and environmental knowing] [from spectator to participant – the participatory universe] [The making of green knowledge]
(Paradigms)
(A framework for joined up thinking) reformulating problematics around ecological issues; against abstraction and autonomy of reason - relations to the surrounding social (and natural) environment; against rationalisation and abstract morality.
(Essentialism)
[essentialism – organic wholes] [potentials and lines of development]
NARRATIVES AND STORYTELLING
[restorying and restoring] *[integral psychology]
[body in its environment – life projects and environmental architecture = habitus]
VISIONING *[visioning – the ecological imagination] [co-intelligence – thinking ourselves as part of the team of life]
[ECO-PHILOSOPHY] THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY
*[the perennial philosophy – natural harmony and order] [grammar of harmony – integral approach]
[nature’s patterns and processes] [being in the right place – knowing by being and by participation]
*[The rational universe - symmetry/balance/justice] [the need for a new scientific culture – embodiment] [the reasonable harmony of being] [the unity of all things extended to ethics and politics] [the participatory universe]
[the natural law as capable of cultural modification]
*[Eco-Philosophy – ways of knowing – uniting fact and value)]
[science and foundations for ethics] *[Environmental ethics – an ecocentric ethical framework]
CRITICAL REALISM
[freedom as participation in power] [existential power over and against impersonal forces] *[Power] [power – to be able] [power with, relational power, power as doing rather than having]
[wholeness – stake-holder engagement, accommodation of different types of knowledge, co-creation] [levels of knowledge – combining knowledges – rational freedom = relational context of personal knowledge] [interaction of self with other selves – power with - participation] *[Rational freedom – responsibility, responsiveness, reflexivity] [participation in evolutionary transformation]
ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWING
*[environmental knowing – eco-praxis – experiential knowing]
[beyond impersonal and objective knowledge]
*[the connected self] [the self as a flow of becoming as against the static sense of being] *[the integral community – the relational community]
ONE COMMUNITY
[proximity, distance and moral affinity] [the institutions of the ethical life are rooted in social and anthropological nature] [universal planetary ethic – expanding concern] [power – co-intelligence]
[one community – the relational conception – the relational infrastructure] [power, proximity, encounter – local loyalty and mega-community – encounter more diffuse] [the relational universe – obligation as a net - obligation forms as indispensable a foundation for the good society as the natural environment does for life] [social structures that nurture good relationships] [relational proximity – proximity in contact]
[ETHICS]
[RATIONAL FREEDOM]
[Rational Freedom – the unity of the freedom of each and the freedom of all]
a common ethics unites different people.
Rational restraint; strategic thinking; zero and positive sum; tragedy of the commons;
The global ethic; duties beyond borders.
Natural Order and Political Order
intertwining of ethics and politics – normative ethical theory – innate moral grammar; readiness to act; politics and ethics as two ways of channeling human behavior to achieve individual and collective ends.
Character, commitment, capabilities; from control to incentive; motivations and incentives; regulation and self-regulation; commitments to organize one’s life.
Ethics – Morality Matters
*[moral truth and opinion] *[a just society] [the idea of a shared human nature]
*[what is natural?] [biology and the roots of morality] [connections rather than foundations] [moral virtues at the nexus of personal and common goods]
*[moral sense and social intelligence] [the moral sense – wired for empathy] [the individual and the group – the free rider problem]
need to express concern with others in a way of life; moral experience beyond concepts; (Morality and self-interest) moral education; habit and virtue; against formalized and codified rubrics - environmental antinomianism.
*[moral freedom]
*[the good life as the common good] [rational freedom – the good life – the moral law]
[the politics of public interest – common good and civic republicanism] [common good – basic elements common to human beings]
[task of specifying a way of life - flourishing and the good life]
*[natural facts and moral values] [reasoning from the facts of wants and needs] [morality expresses social life] [coherent, meaningful and satisfying way of life] [community and social roles – membership of societies] [unity of each and all]
*[fullness of being] [Moral good is that which fosters human being and being more, humane living and living more fully]
NATURAL LAW AND NATURAL RIGHTS
[ethics informed by psychology and biology] [a coherent plan of life] ['communism' and 'subsidiarity' – need for social proximity - association] [forms of communal life] [universal community based upon the common human nature] [rights require the force of a morality held in common] [the moral sense as innate rather than as learned] [creating the conditions for the good] [particular and universal loyalties] [the limits of moral concern – social proximity and close/abstract relations]
*[one world: a global ethic]
(Ethical naturalism) naturalism and the facts about human nature as against a rationalist/essentialist metaphysics; the education of dispositions; creating the conducive environment; need for a moral theory grounded in human nature; functionalist naturalism as against teleological naturalism = pragmatism as against idealism; need for a morality that recognises the complexities of human relations and existence – our capacity to frame and realize ends.
*[biology and virtue – flourishing today]
[An innate moral grammar] [social being - we depend greatly upon the virtue of others and upon those networks of giving and receiving] [practices and practical reasoning] [an 'ontology of individuals-in-relation']
*[responsibilities in community]
*[a revolutionary essentialism]
*[virtue – practices and communities and politics]
*[social ethics – practices and flourishing]
*[social ethics and politics] [network of institutions] [Local politics and practice-based communities] [ethics and politics – communal self-organisation]
*[virtue ethics – the primacy of character]
[the education of the emotions] [emotional identification, closeness and size] *[from abstract/rational morality to virtue]
*[history of the virtues]
[philosophy as a way of life] [Socrates sought to form rather than inform] [Aristotle - 'man-as-he-could-be-if-he-realised-his-telos'] [Aristotle avoids abstract moral imperatives] [ethics – practice] [the pursuit of the good as a communal enterprise] [ability to link the individual via a socially defined role with the pursuit of human goods]
*[the nature of the virtues]
[practices and institutions] [virtues as dispositions in quest for the good]
[Natural Law] practical reasoning; virtues and habits, skills and dispositions – character construction; the functional goodness of lives; ethical judgements – motivational patterns; character types and ethics – need for ethical sensibility; capacity to respond.
(The natural preconditions for virtue) natural reason and prudence; animal preconditions for human rationality,
(Habits, skills, dispositions and traits)
developing a character – practical reasoning; skills and abilities to survive and flourish - virtues are good properties for humans to possess; to be disposed for reasons - engrained tendencies to act for reasons; virtues must engage the will and motivate; virtues, dispositions and choices – reason must feature in the account;
[virtue – innate and acquired] [moral habits and the good life] [prudence, justice and love] [justice as a relational virtue]
[rights, virtues, character, motivation, human nature, social position, responsibilities, capacities]
(Practical reasoning within a network of social relations) recognition and response beyond rules; participating in a network of relations – individual and communal good; network of givers and receivers; cooperation – reason and constraint;
(Social and Political forms of the common life) (The mores and morals) persons complete one another – others as objects – others as community; habits, character and community; intermediate sphere – the state and shared pursuit.
a motivating force provides a compelling reason to act; development of an ethical sensibility – ability to respond well;
(The unity of functionally and ethically good lives) (Functional goodness)
habituation – meaningful choices and enduring commitments;
[The Capabilities Approach]
(The developmental approach) creating capabilities; functioning and opportunity to select (value centred approach) – governmental and legal force and the exercise of human freedom; selecting capabilities – human dignity and a worthy life.
(Political organisation and human flourishing)
beyond contractarianism – creating altruistic political culture; (The necessary institutional infrastructure)
Capabilities
THE POLITICS OF RATIONAL FREEDOM
The politics of concerted action; ethics and culture – nature via nurture.
*[Rational Freedom – truth, virtue, essentialism, objectivity] *[Rational Freedom – rational restraint] *[Rational Freedom – strategic thinking – the rational ethic] *[Rational Freedom – eco-intelligence – learning and communication] [individual choice and infrastructures for the common good] *[Rational Freedom – politics – democracy of place, person and purpose]
[regimes of substantive justice – the sharing of value]
*[Rational Freedom – social freedom – the theory of organic groups – democracy of ends/community of life] [organic functionalism] [Associationalist Ethics and the Logics of Collective Action]
3 BEING AND PLACE
oikophilia; loyalties and affections – need for civil associations; forming the ‘we’.
[being - essence of the human mode and practice of life - relatedness to others - relatedness to values, symbols, patterns]
[the world as becoming] [the beingness of Being within the total network of purposes] [pre-Socratic unity of philosophy and practice] [unitary ground of history is aporia]
*[Praxis and learning]
[the radical shift Plato sees between contemplation and action - across that divide lies a superior sense of reality] [Communication recovers the original "we-ness" of the human being]
[inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfilment] [ability and power - Consciousness is the intervening variable between nature and being] [power coming from within - creative essence permeating the whole organism]
*[Place]
[place as a way of way of seeing, knowing and understanding] [place-making activities – meaningful location]
*[Dwelling – place as a way of being] *[Place as home] [placing ourselves is about weaving an understanding of natural facts and artefacts - our relationships with the planet] [place is constituted though reiterative social practice] [compact size scaled down to man's biological needs and sense-bound capabilities - topophilia]
4 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
THE NEW PHYSICS – THE CREATIVE UNIVERSE
participation in the mode of being; life, agency and values, meaning and doing; creative emergent universe; creative universe as the new natural law; wired for culture.
(Self-organisation) co-creators in the creative universe; being and ultimate sources of becoming = infinite creation.
being and becoming – creative unfolding versus ultimate foundations of knowledge; cognitive participation replaces objectivity; the participatory mind; world and mind are co-extensive.
[The Physics of Participation]
BIOLOGY
*[return to living biology] integral evolving creative community.
*[the purposeful universe] [information-imbued "informed universe" is a meaningful universe]
*[fitness of the universe for life]
*[biocentric fine tuning] [inherent capacity for self-organization] *[purpose oriented world] *[Reason and genes] [common reason] [desire combines with reason to produce action – activity of reason]
*[Genetic and social interaction] *[organism over gene]
*[Genes, traits and environments] [genes work through nurture – nature via nurture] *[Core themes – organisms in their environments] [dialectical relationships between organisms and environment, including the capacities of organisms to construct and modify their physical settings] [Self-organization and self-repair - metabolic organization]
[the brain and meme-gene co-evolution] [three forms of inheritance (genes, memes, and artefacts) is a means by which a sophisticated theory of mutual constraint relations between individual, societal, and cultural replicator levels can be constructed within an explicitly evolutionary framework] [organic form - scientific knowledge needed to be supplemented by considering nature as being purposeful] [self-organizing being]
*[intelligence] *[brain, mind, consciousness] *[innate knowledge and culture]
*[human nature defined by culture] *[becoming human – consciousness, language, rational thought] *[language] [social effect of language – mode of cooperation and communication] [what humanity becomes depends upon values, not just reasoned but genuinely sensed] [overcoming intellectual systems – living in a public world]
*[the embodied mind] *[the social brain] *[the brain is the body] [Intelligence = thought made a skill and a habit through practice] [enculturated emotions]
*[the body and the environment] [embodiment – being in the world – bodily experience] [embodied engagement with the world – self plus environment – power as flourishing]
*[eusociality] [epigenetic rules and prepared learning] [reason and the acquisition of moral knowledge - the social instincts plus intelligence - the development of the ‘higher’ rational capacities]
[moral progress - the role of reason in expanding the scope of the social instincts] [reciprocal altruism over enlightened or individual self-interest]
THE NEW SCIENCE OF RELATIONSHIPS
*[the brain’s social intelligence – wired to connect] *[social intelligence – proximity] *[the emotional, interpersonal economy]
[the brain’s low road and high road – emotion and reason] [innate moral grammar – common moral reason as prior to moral reasons] *[sympathy – synchronicity] *[instinct for altruism – attention and concern] *[altruism – hardwired empathic resonance] *[social intelligence – the high road educating the low road] [weaving people together] [connected communities – social learning]
HUMAN NATURE
*[nature and cultural plasticity] *[ethical choice inherent in biological nature] [social bonds, communication, intelligence, relationships] [culture is a way of awakening our faculties]
*[objective basis for morality] [the genetic rules of human nature] [the human essence] *[human nature and social and political organisation] [positive conception of freedom – creative self-realisation] *[human nature as practical] *[human characteristics – living well] *[universal human nature – common attributes] [essentialist and potentialist view of human nature – capacities and limits] [transformation of our evolved, genetically-based social practices into a system of rules and precepts guiding our conduct] [reasoning beings can turn genetically based practices into a system in which custom acquires moral force – rational basis for ethics beyond relativism]
[ethics as a mode of human reasoning which develops in a group context, building on more limited, biologically based forms of altruism - principles of ethics come from our own nature as social, reasoning beings]
*[moral minds – innate moral grammar] *[Natural facts and values] [morality – the moral faculty – a universal grammar of action – reason and instinct – experience and environment]
*[first principles of morality – social animals and cooperative interaction] [Cooperative interactions - reputation fuels cooperation and provides a shield against defection] [universal justice - games theory – increase in numbers and cooperation] [stable, cooperative societies – strong reciprocity and the circle of cooperators]
*[systems thinking for environmental responsibility] [developmental biology – genes and organisms – cooperation and symbiosis]
*[Organism and environment] [dialectic of organisms and environment undermining dualism between people and nature] ['gene-culture coevolution'] [Rationality, Individual and Collective – function, identity and community – cells and genes] [coupling of organisms and environment into a single system] [superorganisms – collective decision making systems] [superorganismic glue as social rather than genetic]
EVOLUTION
*[Cultural and Ecological Adaptations] *[Co-evolution] [units of evolution – dissolving the minimal self – from competitive to cooperative mechanisms]
*[The Cultural Survival Vehicle] *[Evolutionary Creativity] *[Social Learning - biological propensity of humans for learning - the hinge between nature and society, nature and culture] [culture evolves into an effective adaptive mechanism]
[cultural adaptation over biology]
*[Sociality, Reciprocity and Cooperation] [an expectation for fairness] [trust and the diffusion of cooperation]
*[The Social Mind] [social evolution – social proximity]
NATURE AND CULTURE
[nexus between our biologically innate propensities, or needs, and the cultural narrative or meaning system – social dialogue and politics to settle this question] *[kinship – to be at home] [trust generates spontaneous pro-social activity, without need for threat or coercion] *[autonomy and community - mutually desired social goals over coercion] [social control – love - our need for bonding and our need for a shared, meaningful world view] [how to teach the next generation to become participants – strong democracy for a flexible society, for adaptive cultural change]
[social stability built on cohesion instead of coercion - social intelligence - community whose members are in continuous dialogue with each other]
[Human embodiedness and embeddedness]
*[Philosophical anthropology – the body] [to integrate biological and ecological ideas into social theory] *[the dialectics of the environment] [humans are necessarily embodied and also doubly, ecologically and socially embedded]
*[remaking - construction of nature] [increasingly impossible to separate nature off into its own ontological space - nexus of political-economic relations, social identities, cultural orderings, and political aspirations]
*[enframing and capitalising nature] *[the political economy of nature] [Nature – nature reified – nature taking revenge on society – realignment with all-powerful nature] *[contesting nature’s alien materialisation] *[Politics and the living organisation]
5 THE ECOLOGICAL FRAME
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
*[the interconnectedness of all life]
[organisms within a 'relational field'] [realisation of immanent potentials through relationships] [to develop the sense of self and identity through association with other human beings and with nature - 'biospherical egalitarianism']
*[Ecological literacy]
[building and nurturing sustainable communities - learn valuable lessons from the study of ecosystems] [community as an interaction web] [Nature's subtle web of interrelated processes]
*[Political ecology]
[material praxis of reorganizing the societal relationships with nature] *[Political ecology as critique of social power relations] *[cultural ecology] *[critical materialist ecology] [constructivism and realism – where does truth lie]
GAEA
*[organic holism]
[self-regulating system] [holism as rational environmentalism] [consciousness that recognises a living Earth] [the earth as a living system] [self-regulation is an emergent property] *[the commonwealth of virtue] [coevolution – the self-organising universe] [coevolution critical to our hopes for sustainability] [the earth comes back to life – the purposive development of Gaia] [self-organisation – autopoiesis] [a symbiosis of organisms - the sum of interactions between self-interested organisms] [ecopoiesis - "the making of a home"]
BIOSPHERE AND ECOSYSTEM
*[human impacts and ecological threats]
[our dependence on the symbiosis of so many other species] [live creatively within the constraints of the biosphere] [global interdependence of man's airs and climates - a new capacity for global decision-making and global care] *[disconnection and coexistence between technosphere and biosphere]
*[respecting planetary boundaries]
*[reclaiming the ground of being] [the living planet - relationships - a new story to give meaning and significance to our presence] [biosphere culture, homeostasis and decentralization - Participation in the organic community becomes the goal]
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING
[Climate Change, Fairness, and Equity] *[international justice] [transboundary problems and state sovereignty]
BIODIVERSITY
*[the biodiversity boundary] *[social and cultural diversity] *[biophilia] [mutual compassion and common interest with the rest of the living world - 'fellow-feeling']
6 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
(The Commonwealth of Life) inherent worth; worth and good.
(Living with the Environment) practical reasoning – virtuous habits – against top down solutions – what motivations do we need.
(Practical Ecological Reason) practical reason – dispositions – conduct and character – the practical element of virtue – character – ultimate attitude; environmental antinomianism – ethical commitment, character and conviction against legal, institutional and ethical fetishism; rejection of external authority; the natural contract – against contractarianism; reclaiming the ethical commons
[Eco-Philosophy] (Moral Ecology – develop this with the virtues)
(Beyond Rationalisation)
atomism and instrumentalism cuts the world into pieces; externalities and motivations – beyond rational self-interest and contractarianism; non-egotistical motivations.
(The socio-relational ethic) ethics of place – ethics as intangible power that escapes instrumentalism; ethics is the flow of things.
(Moral sense) feeling and space; relations rather than substances; overcoming dualism through practice; the dialectical conception – reflexivity.
(Responsibility) responsibility through virtuous life.
(The ecological habitus) (Oikophilia) motivation and place; small associations;
against the rationalisation of ethics – habitus – dispositions to act.
(Ecological Virtue) ecological values as natural and reasonable.
*[value] [concept of value – ethics of respect for nature]
[integrated thinking and valuing nature - connectivity between the land, water, climate, energy, culture, economy and human creativity]
*[collective rationality and responsibility]
[science not enough – values and socio-political processes] [appropriate learning space – communities of practice – practical wisdom]
*[Climate justice]
[responsibility – entitlements and capacities] *[fairness, equity and justice] [Questions of scale – local, regional and global scale] *[responsibility] [Democracy and Collective Responsibility] [Responsibility and the Global Climate Regime] [moral coordination vs direct exercise of power]
*[Meta-ethics and the question of intrinsic value]
[moral claims are practical: they express motivation and are directed towards action - to act on nature's behalf] [Dispositionalism]
*[necessity of ethics]
[morality as the rational reconstruction of our nature] [making moral imperatives our own] [a naturalized Kantianism enjoins us to respect the natural autonomy of all living things - rational autonomy and natural autonomy] *[natural law – the tradition of teleology]
*[valuing nature]
[ecosystem services and economic valuation] *[economic value] [monetary valuation of the environment] [Valuing the natural world; valuing all who share it - implicit morality stems from the biophysical reality of our sharing of common pools of ecological resources]
[the biocentric outlook - 'common bond'] [the good of a being] [teleological centres of life] [teleological (goal-oriented) centre of life - biocentric outlook on nature a living thing is conceived as a unified system of organized activity]
[inherent worth]
['inherent worth' as objective or absolute quality or relative to subjective (human) experience and evaluation – spectator or participant - consensus about the inherent value of each organism and the way conflicts between their purposes should be settled] [intersubjective (participant) perspective] [individual good and the common good - 'interrelationism' - 'relational individualism'] ['democracy of life forms'] *[Metaphysical ecology] [relational, total-field image] [nature of reality the objective world – objective descriptions and subjective judgements]
*[self-realisation and biocentric equality] [Self-realizing is a process of self-examination in which people come to understand themselves as part of a greater whole - our relations with other parts of the natural world, self-realization is a coming to understand and fully appreciate this oneness]
*[state of being over code of conduct]
*[partnership ethics] [a homocentric social-interest ethic of partnership among human groups and an ecocentric ethic of partnership with nonhuman] [nature into an active relationship with humans and entails a new consciousness of nature as equal subject]
*[social ecology]
*[ecocentrism] [beyond individualist paradigm of rights and interests to moral relations with nature] [bridging the gap between fact and value - teleological reasoning and the organic model - the earth's telos] [valuing through an understanding of ecology - moral education rather than normative ethics] [dispositions over rules] [the formation of an ethical character rather than the defense of some ultimate moral rule or principle] [beyond the naturalistic fallacy - moral sentiments at the center of ethics – sympathy, feeling]
*[biocentric ethics and the inherent value of life]
[intrinsic values in nature as objective properties of the world - every living organism has a telos from which we may derive a baseline form of intrinsic value] [from ethics to environmental policy – problems are more practical than philosophical - the project of engendering public support - environmental pragmatism]
*[environmental goods and the problem of cooperation] [rational freedom – constraint]
[internal constraints and dispositions over external coercion (an eco-ethic) – repeated situations] [problem of assurance – tit-for-tat requires a face-to-face community – need for scale and social proximity] [need for moral disposition to keep agreements as against calculating self-interest] [the co-operators dilemma - the limits of our sympathies – the motive as self-interest = external coercion – the motive as common moral reason = internal coordination]
*[strategic thinking and ecological practices]
[eco-pragmatism – transcending philosophy-centred and politics-centred approaches in favour of a strategic orientation that focuses on how ethical and political elements are articulated in 'modes of citizenship' - an ethico-political space of the good] [construction of ecological citizens - the return to virtues - ways of rethinking the meaning of obligation.]
*[the virtues of ecological citizenship]
[virtues are dispositions of character but also contribute to the collective good - agency and motive in promoting eco-virtues] [The distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation – institutions, systems, structures and networks can guide individuals to make the right choice for their own good and the good of all, but a virtue ethic normalises the right choice so that individuals do not require external guidance.]
[eco-virtue - 'enabling environmental practice' – participation in practices]
[environmental engagement – eco-praxis - dialogue] [creative moral responsibility]
[Pragmatism] (Need for political relevance and social engagement)
(Against foundationalism – reflexive social intelligence over all centrisms) a critical and problem solving orientation; moral intelligence; dynamic ecological order.
(Democracy) foundations and way of life; democracy and social intelligence; social institutions and practices; moral monism and right reasons (link to character and virtue);
(Contextualism – practical ethics)
*[pluralism and pragmatism]
[pragmatism, moral pluralism and the dangers of relativism – need for substantive environmental values]
*[eco-praxis] [democratising knowledge - grass-roots groups and dissenting academics - a more democratic framework for science]
*[autonomy and responsibility] [stakeholders taking responsibility - Social learning can work alongside other mechanisms to enable engagement in practice, which can lead to environmental responsibility.] [processes of citizen-based political action – extensive public spaces - active citizenship - a just and ecologically resilient future]
(Dynamic Environmental Regulation)
the moving knowledge frontier; improving environmental learning – institutional questions; improving responsiveness. continuous commitment; democratic involvement; integration of natural and human society.
CONSERVATION
*[need for overarching ethic and direction] [Need for intellectual and ethical foundations - good overall direction] [ways of seeing and valuing nature - situating humans within a value-infused natural order]
*[from conservation to coexistence]
*[ecological restoration and the integration of knowledge] [recognition of nature's inherent, inscrutable complexity – need for intuition as well as reason] *[good land use] *[ecological interconnection beyond self-interest] [tacit and expressed knowledge]
*[the institutions of common action] [Crafting mechanisms for collective action]
THE COMMONS
*[the tragedy of the commons] *[revaluing and re-visioning] [Mutual coercion mutually agreed upon] *[enclosing the global commons]
*[reclaiming the commons] [strategic "big picture” to guide their community – the participatory social order]
*[Effective commons governance] *[communing and rational freedom] [communing and rational freedom - web of social relations designed to keep our baser urges in check] [institutional prerequisite of sound and enduring stewardship - wider participative processes - accommodate broader stakeholders in decisions at all]
BIOREGIONALISM
[global federation of ecological regions] *[subsidiarity] [appropriate scale] [comprehensible groups - an articulated structure that can cope with a multiplicity of small-scale units] [products of culture and consciousness – functional rather than natural regions - greater understanding and sense of belonging - locating 'culture in nature through the praxis of living in place'] *[the biospheric polity] [the ecologically integrated, self-sufficient and autonomous city]
7 COMMON WEALTH - DESIGNING THE POLITICAL ECONOMY
LIMITS TO GROWTH
[rich lives instead of lives of riches - construct our sense of who we are, and to ask us to pursue goals other than growth]
POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR THE AGE OF ECOLOGY
(Growth and degrowth) system imperatives and dynamics; Oikonomia – economics for community; the market and pervasive externalities; *[critique of the growth economy] [the human economy is usually embedded in social relations]
*[commodifying the common wealth] [accumulative logic – ecological destruction]
[ecological budget constraint – environmental regime] [the 'metabolism' of humankind, society and nature has now reached a global scale – need for global rules and common understanding]
[tripolar mode - Associative economy organised by mutuality and collaboration between producers, distributors and consumers] [transition to a more free, equal, mutual and sustainable society] [postindustrial productive forces - human development and the need to reintegrate with nature - economic efficiency requires hooking into the productivity of natural systems - from mechanics to organics - symbiosis between human activities and natural process is both possible and necessary] *[dematerialisation as organic growth] *[the tripartite society - from commodification to commoning] [Redrawing the social ecology of society - business, government and civil society] [socially created commons] [the need to embed markets in a moral and social matrix]
THE LOCAL AND THE GLOBAL
*[interpenetration and integration of places]
[networks, alliances and coalitions - 'globalisation from below' via environmental justice, social justice and the civil rights movements]
[networks – the new economy] [decentralization of power may give rise to a new kind of political organization, the 'network state'] [ecological principle of dynamic interaction - networks nested within networks] *[the informational economy] [the new economy – informationalism, globalisation, networking] [the state - the reorganisation of political life and the transference of power up or down spatial scales - Scale is as much about flows and network as it is about boundaries] [Sub-statism - Being in place in order to be ecologically sensitive]
TRADE
*[globalisation] *[money, finance and space] [hyper mobility of money] [The sustainable society is substantially about living 'in place' - developing an intimacy with place and people] [proper place of the economy – economism’s double blind spot, short term rationality and atomism] [rational freedom – intelligence and sociality – the solution is political in the true sense of politics - creative self-realisation within public life]
*[sustainable trade] ['sustainable community development' - local communities as the place to start in countering trade's harmful social and ecological effects] [sustainability as 'a relationship between dynamic human economic systems and larger dynamic, but normally slower-changing ecological systems – flourishing]
CONSUMPTION
*[consumerism as character production] *[culture of narcissism] [infantilist ethic of consumption] [ethical consumption - everyday patterns, practices and motivations of everyday social learning and behaviour]
8 POLITICS, TRANSITIONS, STRATEGIES
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
(Linking movements) broadening agendas and building coalitions – linkages and convergence. [an integration between environmentalism and various struggles for justice and dignity, equity and tolerance - to empower human communities to solve their own multiple problems]
TRANSITIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS
*[prefiguration] transformations; [vision building and common action - learn and build capacity - we need shared vision] *[the participatory revolution] [networking - a web of connections among equals] [architecture of participation - increase in the potential connectivity for transactions]
*[power as process] [power is a relation] [power as something that circulates - net-like organization] [power as to be able – capabilities = flourishing in compassion and connection with the web of life]
[relational conception – power-with] [collaborative model of power] [Power is a subtle effect of social interconnections] [new community-based institutions and experiments in local democracy - new politics of neighbourhood and community, grounded in an ecological awareness] [habitus - individuals embedded in social groups pursuing a given form of life - socially grounded habitus]
*[Building bridges, extending spaces, making places] [spaces for social learning and cognitive praxis - public engagement] [new forms of environmental responsibility through civic engagement] [the creation of a public space - political investment of civil society - active civil society]
GOVERNMENT, POLITICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
*[Governance] [who exactly should 'exercise authority over' the global climate system] ['civic environmentalism' - build coalitions of multi-level policy actors beyond the state] [Climate Governance - co-ordinated planetary-scale governance and management] [global federalism of climate policy] [need for the framework of a fully integrated plan] [Bridging the sustainability gap between short-term choices and long-term assessments]
CITIZENSHIP AND DEMOCRACY
(Democracy and the recognition of limits)
accommodating interests in the ecological common good.
(Restoration ecology and participatory ecological citizenship)
internalism as a robust moral psychology as against ethical externalism – how to morally motivate individuals; reclaiming the political commons; practical action building competencies. [democratization as cultivating "habits of the heart" - to promote the virtues of active citizenship]
*[Integrated citizenship]
*[Controlled globalisation] [which kinds of relationships give rise to citizenship obligations - ecological citizenship virtue aims at ensuring a just distribution of ecological space] [citizenship as cultivating habits through practices] [discourse of citizen participation and democratisation - mechanisms for making collective choices - the relationships between the construction of environmental knowledge and material intervention in environmental management]
*[Justice, Governance and Sustainability] [the democratic self-organization of civil society]
[good governance is central to sustainability - a renewal of trust in public institutions - new forms of participatory democracy to complement it that can inspire greater engagement by citizens] [the shift from a rights focus to a responsibility focus as a move from the 'practices of liberation' (entitlement) to the 'practices of freedom']
9 TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER
TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER
*[The technological condition of modernity] [technological exploitation of nature - meaninglessness] [abstraction of social relations from particular places] [metaphysical repression and physical destruction - overkill of timeless values - need for higher values] *[Technocratic Culture] [technological order - rationalisation – nature, technics and the sacred]
CITIZEN SCIENCE
*[Contexts and knowledges] *[Science and Citizenship] [public groups and expertise] *[Public Participation] [building consensus] [collaborative decision-making] [public groups as knowledge generators and receptors]
10 NEO-TECHNICS
ENERGY
*[The low carbon economy] *[Creating renewable energy infrastructures]
*[Energy Alternatives] [infrastructure and local energy] [Transformative Energy: The Soft-Energy Path] *[Carbon Politics]
*[The Green Municipal Utility] [the global commons – assessing fair shares in environmental space]
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY
*[Humanising technology] *[Creating appropriate technology] *[Eco-Innovation]
THE ECOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION
*[The Informational Society] [The enclosure of the intellectual and genetic commons] [Defending the cultural commons]
*[The Institutional Ecology of the Digital Environment]
*[The Political Economy of Truth] [An electronic grassroots] *[The Networked Public Sphere] *[Participatory Culture]
THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
[Social context and the dynamics of technological change] *[Knowledge as fuel] *[The networked information economy] *[Freedom in the Information Environment]
11 THE REPUBLIC
ECOLOGY AND POLITY
*[Visions and principles] [biospheric political vision] [new concept of security] [a decentralized, participatory democracy that would select egalitarian, co-operative economic relations]
*[The Political Institutions of the Ecological Society] [shift to more communal and co-operative ways - build the social relations]
(The importance of institutions)
INSTITUTIONS AS PATTERNED WAYS OF LIVING TOGETHER
Institutional responsibility; cooperation in place over polarisation and disconnection.
(Strong democracy) A renewed public; reviving democratic citizenship. our capacity to form a collective bond of identity; (Democratic citizenship and the republic) politics of engagement (intense reciprocity); scale – within reach proximity; (The mediating role of institutions) Democracy Means Paying Attention; new forms of collaboration; common willing of a common world;
*[Communitarian Republicanism] *[Civic Republicanism] [social capital and participation in public life - positive freedom - self-governing political community - active concept of citizenship]
*[The federal society] *[Eco-Sittlichkeit - An environmental political culture] [Tripolar Society - Government, Business and Civil Society] [dynamic tripolar structure – individuals working for the common good] [regionalism and federalism - subsidiarity] [community self-regulation from neighbourhood to planet]
*[Communal self-regulation] [state involvement to fulfill a social purpose - to design social forms to consciously cultivate human flourishing] [internal over external organisation]
*[Confederalism] [self-regulation – democratisation – participation and eco-production - grassroots participation is essential to establishing ecological relationships] [internal self-regulation on a social scale - community as the base for extended relationships]
*[Citizen democracy] [social and rational beings - common effort and shared responsibility] [paideia, the intentional cultivation of the civic and ethical qualities necessary for citizenship - transforms a group of self-interested individuals into a deliberative, rational, ethical body politic] [the role of government – strategic thinking – balancing individual freedoms and the common good]
*[a civil public sphere] [new forms of social solidarity and autonomy] [civil organs assuming governmental functions] [to socialise the individual in a corporate structure - intermediate bodies - to diffuse rather than abolish authority] [federations of self-sufficient and self-governing communities - ecoregionally-integrated and independent communal mode of human biosocial existence] [the political infrastructure of a rational ecological society – ecological citizenship cultivating the eco virtues] [Democracy of place and function – the attainment of Being through the realisation of purpose]
(Ecopolis as the Civic public) (Civil society as associative space) (democratic civil society as eco-civic republicanism) civil society as mediating domain; citizenship-building and moral character; social civic mediation – self-mediation; civil society as a schooling in social virtue.
*[Principles of associationalist political order] [Primary associations as democratic governance] [functional democracy] [building capacity - building-up associations from below]
*[The associative society – covenantal politics] [Covenantal politics is a politics of new beginnings, of a people pledging themselves to one another and to the common good, a politics of 'we, the people'] [the moral and social qualities of all intermediate associations between state and civil society - the bonds of human society] [principle of mutual responsibility] [a society articulated in numerous and varied associations, colleges, and socialities]
12 THE WELL-BEING ECONOMY
THE ECOLOGICAL ECONOMY
*[Values, subjectivism, and objectivism]
*[From Systemic to Organic Growth] *[The economics of quality] [the 'decoupling' of the economy from our quality of life] [quantitative wealth and qualitative wealth - the (inner) development of people, the (social) development of community, and the restoration of all living systems]
[postindustrial community-based economies - ecological design] [participatory planning - New network structures of participation and coordination]
[allow the market to tell the ecological truth] [ecologically bounded possibilities for using natural resources are taken as a starting point for the development of economic theory] [the support capacities of the earth] [beyond the limits – ecological constraints and the collective/systemic blindness of the economy] [choice, obligation and relational proximity - possibility of shaping and defining relationships]
*[The Ecological Service Economy] [mindful markets - creating markets driven by use-value - new monetary forms can be supports for regenerative activity] [Eco-infrastructures make nature's services and cycles visible – sense of place]
*[The Circular Economy]
*[The Tripartite structure] *[Changing the social logic] *[The low waste/high lasting value economy] [an economy of service and flow] [the new industrial eco-structure]
*[The associative economy] [markets embedded in society] ["ownership" in a decision]
*[Embedding the Market] *[Money as relationship and as media] *[The Relational Market Economy]
*[Community Capital] [community-based economies - model for self-regulation] *[The regenerative economy] [ecological accounting - the basic biophysical flows that keep us alive] *[The economy of time] [clustering as social proximity]
*[The Municipalized Economy] [Mutualising capital and businesses through community benefit co-operatives, foundations and partnerships] *[Social Enterprise]
[Economic localisation - a better-your-neighbour supportive internationalism] [Economic Localisation]
the pursuit of quality; Economic institutions; Integrating economics and ecology; markets and motives; The socio-ethical matrix; The democratic economy; The economics of environmental quality; Biophysical equilibrium and moral growth; Community control versus corporate power; Oikos - Heimat and Habitat – predispositions; The economics of inhabitation; Enriching the Range of Cooperative Activities.
13 SUSTAINABLE LIVING
SUFFICIENCY
*[Living within limits] [more adequate accounting system - 'human ecological footprint'] [higher development of human beings in relation to their "non-material" needs - system of values] [utilitarian individualism maximises economic self-interest - expressive individualism, which is self-actualisation in terms of feeling, intuition and experience]
*[Enoughness] [the wealth of security - to get every person in the community to the "enough point."]
SUSTAINABLE LIVING
Integrating Sustainability Values at All Community Levels.
An Interdependent Perspective; Biomimicry Principles; Permaculture Principles.
[ways to promote sustainability – ecoefficiency - innovation and entrepreneurialism in business - changing values - renaissance of public local places and community life - re-evaluation of the nature of work – social justice] [a social learning process that bridges the gaps between the social and ecological, the scientific and spiritual, the economic and the political – multiple approaches - 'dialogic of values']
*[Engagement, identity and responsibility] [social learning – identity - 'communities of practice' - engagement as a source of identification]
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
*[Relating to the land] *[Food scarcity and food security] *[Food sufficiency]
POPULATION
*[Lifestyle and environment]
14 THE ECOPOLIS
THE ECO CITY
[the ecologically-sensitive city and communal federation] ecology of place. [a decentralized yet federated city environment where each community, group or federation exhibits a recognizable identity and lifestyle]
*[Compact neighbourhoods] [urban infrastructure that allows us to live in harmony with the natural systems] [organic cities – place that is walkable, mixed-use, and adapted to local climate and materials] [compact neighborhoods - access by proximity - Compact neighborhoods make sustainable living easier]
TRANSPORT
*[The car economy] *[A Transport strategy] *[Personal and market solutions]
ECO TOWNS AND ECO COMMUNITIES
(The biophiliac city) urban design and the recovery of nature; Natural Cycles and Ecological Footprints; Minimizing Urban Resource Needs;
[how complex systems can self-organize to create a harmonious whole] [high-density, mixed-use, walkable town]
*[The political and philosophical idea of community]
[community as communitas - an expression of belonging that is irreducible to any social or political arrangement] [community as a normative ideal – communitas – social belonging – quest for community as transformative of the status quo] [collectivised ownership with local self-management] [a rational ecological society - creating and empowering popular assemblies in the municipalities]
*[Love of Place] [love of particular places rather than an abstract love of Gaia] [place based ecological economy against placeless flows] [cities as dynamic and ever-evolving eco-technical systems - model our cities on the functioning of nature's own highly complex ecosystems]
*[The metabolic order of cities] [metabolic system - circular metabolic systems] *[Land, housing and community] [Community Land Trusts: capturing land value for people and communities]
*[Community architechtonics]
*[Social Units] [common interest groups] [functional community structure] *[The psychology of community] [New forms of ownership - community control over the built-environment]
*[Community Capital] *[Building sustainable neighbourhoods and communities] *[Place making] *[Intentional communities] [shared vision that is put into action] *[Greening Infrastructure] *[The Scale of Community] [small neighborhoods and range of services as the basic building block of human communities] *[The social relations of community]
*[Communalism]
[confederations of democratic municipalities - revival of the public sphere] [free municipalities or communes constitute the political components of a future rational society] [economic life in the rational society - the economy under direct popular control and ultimately to municipalize all socially necessary resources and means of production]
*[Community Learning]
*[Social Learning and Community Action] [practices, activities and learning experiences involved in the building of sustainable communities] [engage people in political and civic affairs - Relationships and networks of reciprocity]
ECO ARCHITECTURE
*[the living city] (Sensing a dwelling); finding the centre once more. Ecological Design Principles
ART AND AESTHETICS
*[Sacred Architecture] *[The ecology of art] beauty – true and good; symmetry – balance and harmony; ever-transcending participatory structures;
15 HEALTH AND HAPPINESS
HEALTH AND HAPPINESS
[psychology of being - vision of human nature]
the biotic community – head, heart, hand plus good habits = the happy habitat. human fulfilment – inner life and outer nature; [self-actualisation as autonomy]
*[The Body Disciplined] [capitalism and the labouring body] [cultivating humanity] [the dominating body – relation to Earth – tyranny of the abstract] [the communicative body – embodiment – capacity for recognition]
*[Integral Psychology]
[psychosocial change] [Psychology – health, well-being, flourishing]
*[A Design for Living] [Overcoming Civic Schizophrenia through Democratizing Globalization] *[Authenticity] *[Character and the Social Process] [We must... infiltrate into people from many centers] [taking power – higher synergy culture] *[An Environment for Health] [Communities for health] [needs – relatedness vs narcissism]
*[Relational Matrix] [embeddedness and the relational matrix]
*[Values, Needs, Growth and Health] [an objective standard for human values] [the values of ‘being itself’] [self-actualizing persons as good choosers] [creativity in self-actualising people]
16 SPIRITUALITY – HOUSING THE SACRED
SPIRITUALITY AS CREATION CARE
the Earth community; human-nature interdependence – partnership; (Metaphysical reconstruction) world as a seamless web; ecological consciousness as housing for spirit; creative universe and emergence
(Housing the sacred) (Reenchantment) being at one - world as home, as place; web of life; unity with others; achieving wholeness; (Community of life)
(Harmony of the spiritual and the political)
*[Modes of Being] [The dance of creation] [The moral imperatives of living together] [dominion and stewardship – creation as a whole – the interdependence of all creatures] [cooperation in creation]
ECO FEMINISM AND GENDER
[Caring for the World] [widening the boundaries of politics]
17 UNIVERSAL PLANETARY ETHIC
GLOBAL POLITICS
transnational jurisdictions; universal planetary ethic; eco-patriotism – treaties and incentives; law and rational unity of each and all; public spirit depends on little platoons.
*[Changing the Game] [globalisation by design] [global civil society]
WAR AND PEACE
[DIALECTICS OF DISASTER] [Catastrophe and Hope] [the threat of eco-catastrophe] [Disarming the Earth] *[A Planetary Rational Freedom]
EQUALITY AND JUSTICE
*[Justice and Development] [equal societies do better] [commons based strategies for human welfare and development]
*[Global Justice] [Principles of justice for international redistributions]
UNIVERSAL PLANETARY ETHIC
[global social compact] overarching legal-ethical framework; collective responsibility; common ground and common good; participation in the Earth community.
*[Governing the commons] (Institutions of the common good)
*[An Appropriate Ecological Ethic] [global human superorganism] [transboundary problems and state sovereignty] [The Case for Cosmopolitan Justice]
*[Planet Politics] *[Internationalism] [mutuality in a global community] [the self-aware, networked global network]
18 FUTURES
*[Making it Happen] *[The dialect of freedom] *[Imagining the Future] *[Closing the gaps] [The Global Leadership Gap] [The Sustainability Gaps]